Mamallapuram, or Mahabalipuram, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu. Known for its Pallava era rock cut and structural monuments, it flourished under Narasimhavarman I and his successors during the 7th to 8th centuries C.E.

Historical Background

The Shore Temple is among the earliest structural stone temples in South India and is dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu. The Five Rathas, carved from single granite boulders, represent early experiments in Dravidian temple forms and are named after figures from the Mahabharata. Arjuna’s Penance is a monumental open air relief depicting the austerities of Arjuna and the descent of the Ganga. Krishna’s Butter Ball, a large granite boulder balanced on a slope, is linked to legends of Krishna’s childhood.

Location and Significance

Located on the Coromandel Coast south of Chennai, Mamallapuram combines natural settings with artistic and religious expression and reflects the Pallavas’ cultural and maritime importance.

Architectural Materials and Design

The monuments include monolithic rathas, structural temples and relief panels carved from granite. Their forms demonstrate the Pallavas’ transition from rock cut traditions to freestanding architecture and highlight their craftsmanship and narrative skill.